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Iron Crown Enterprises produced role playing, board, miniature, and collectible card games since 1980. Many of ICE’s better-known products were related to J. R. R. Tolkien’s world of Middle-earth, but the ''Rolemaster'' rules system, and its science-fiction equivalent, ''Spacemaster'', have been the foundation of ICE’s business. ==History== In college in the late 1970s, while running a six year ''Dungeons & Dragons'' campaign set in J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, Pete Fenlon, S. Coleman Charlton, and Kurt Fischer began to develop a set of unique house rules; after most of them had graduated from the University of Virginia in 1980, many of the group's principals decided to turn their rules into a business and formed Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE), named after a regalia of Middle-earth. Besides Felon and Charlton, the original ICE also included Richard H. Britton, Terry K. Amthor, Bruce Shelley, Bruce Neidlinger, Kurt Fischer, Heike Kubasch, Olivia Fenlon, and a few others.〔 ICE was incorporated in 1980, shortly after the youngest of the principal founders graduated from the University of Virginia. Among the founders were Pete Fenlon (then in Law school), Rick Britton, S. Coleman Charlton, Bruce Neidlinger, Terry K. Amthor, Kurt Fischer, Bruce Shelley, and Heike Kubasch. The company originally only had a few full-time staff, relying on volunteer work from the other founders. But as income increased, it brought more on as employees. ICE quickly published three products: ''Arms Law'' (1980), ''The Iron Wind'' (1980), and ''Manassas'' (1981).〔 ''Arms Law'' was the first release of the house rules from the University of Virginia days, and thus became the start of ''Rolemaster'', although at that time ''Rolemaster'' was not seen as a standalone RPG but was offered as an alternative combat system for ''AD&D''.〔 ''The Iron Wind'' was a system-generic campaign centered on a fantastic island, and although it was unsupplemented for years it would eventually be recognized as the first release in ICE's ''Loremaster'' campaign setting.〔 ''Manassas'' was a Civil War era wargame set in ICE's home state of Virginia.〔 ICE began by publishing a series of rules supplements, beginning with "Arms Law", which were intended to serve as modular add-ons to other RPG systems offering greater detail. This was followed by "Spell Law" and Character/Campaign Law." In time, these supplements were tied together to form an RPG system of their own, ''Rolemaster''. Concurrent with the rules supplements, ICE began releasing world campaign content materials in what was originally called the "Loremaster" series, beginning with "Iron Wind". ''Rolemaster'' had grown out of a Middle-earth game, so ICE approached Tolkien Enterprises seeking a license to ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', which Tolkien Enterprises granted because no one else had ever asked.〔 Tolkien Enterprises signed an exclusive, worldwide license with ICE in 1982, and ICE started the Middle-earth line off with a generic sourcebook that could be used with AD&D or other games, called ''A Campaign and Adventure Guidebook for Middle-earth'' (1982).〔 The company enjoyed a sudden jump in status when it acquired the license to produce an official fantasy RPG based upon J. R. R. Tolkien's world of Middle-earth, which would come to be known as ''MERP'' ("Middle-earth Role Playing"). According to some interpretations, at the time of its publication ICE's ''Middle-earth Role Playing'' was the second best selling fantasy RPG after TSR's ''Dungeons & Dragons''. ICE then added the science fiction RPGs ''Spacemaster'' and ''Cyberspace'' to its line, and, with the rise of collectible card games, the ''Middle-earth Collectible Card Game''. ICE also published a moderately successful space miniatures battle game called ''Silent Death'', based on ''Spacemaster'' but with simpler mechanics. ''Silent Death'' was released in two major editions, with supplemental books and a fair number of paintable lead miniatures. ICE also expanded its original Loremaster supplements into a full-blown fantasy world to support Rolemaster, called the Shadow World, supported by dozens of adventures and sourcebooks. ICE signed in 1986 a publication contract to take over Hero Games' production and distribution. Later with Hero Games staff leaving for other jobs, ICE took over the creative reins of Hero's products.〔 Iron Crown branched out into the solo gaming books under the Tolkien Quest (later called Middle-earth Quest) and Sherlock Holmes Solo Mysteries book lines.〔 Unknown to ICE at the time, the Middle-earth Quest books violated ICE and Tolkien Enterprises' contract with Tolkien's book publishing licensee, George Allen & Unwin. (ICE and TE considered the books to be games, and so fall under their license, but the format came too close to being literary books). ICE was forced to recall and destroy the whole line of books, at devastating cost. Meanwhile, ICE sued the Narnia licensor as they turned out to not have the necessary rights to license Narnia to ICE. That company went bankrupt from the legal settlement and was unable to pay ICE their damages. ICE reached terms in 1988 for a gamebook license with the estate of J.R.R. Tolkien and George Allen & Unwin for four new Middle-earth Quest books, beginning with "Spy in Isengard". However, the solo game book market was going soft by this time. ICE canceled all solo game book lines, with dozens of books still in development. Returns were high on the Sherlock Holmes Solo Mysteries line. All this brought ICE to near bankruptcy in a "voluntary-type of receivership".〔 Despite ICE's many successes and overcoming many setbacks over 17 years, in 1997 ICE suffered financial difficulties from a rapid decline in its distribution net; nearly 70% of ICE's distributors either went bankrupt or became moribund. There has been some debate over whether Tolkien Enterprises forced ICE into bankruptcy in order to get the gaming license in anticipation of the upcoming new movie franchise. The company entered bankruptcy and filed for Chapter 7 in October 2000. This bankruptcy cost ICE the Middle-earth license, ending both the MERP and CCG lines. Many of the authors and illustrators were not paid for substantial amounts of work. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iron Crown Enterprises」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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